Unidad IV: Patrones de Organizacion de un Párrafo. Parte B

Parte B:

Florence Nightingale

          Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC; (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was a celebrated English nurse, writer and statistician. A Christian universalist, Nightingale believed that God had called her to be a nurse. She came to prominence for her pioneering work in nursing during the Crimean War, where she tended to wounded soldiers. She was dubbed "The Lady with the Lamp" after her habit of making rounds at night.

Nightingale laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment, in 1860, of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London, the first secular nursing school in the world. The Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses was named in her honour, and the annual International Nurses Day is celebrated around the world on her birthday.

Florence Nightingale was born into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the Villa Colombaia, near the Porta Romana at Bellosguardo in Florence, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named after her place of birth, Parthenopolis, a Greek settlement now part of the city of Naples.

Her parents were William Edward Nightingale, born William Edward Shore (1794–1874) and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale née Smith (1789–1880). William's mother Mary née Evans was the niece of one Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose will William inherited his estate Lea Hurst in Derbyshire, and assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist and Unitarian William Smith. (For family trees, see here.)

Inspired by what she took as a call from God in February 1837 while at Embley Park, Florence announced her decision to enter nursing in 1844, despite the intense anger and distress of her mother and sister. In this, she rebelled against the expected role for a woman of her status, which was to become a wife and mother. Nightingale worked hard to educate herself in the art and science of nursing, in spite of opposition from her family and the restrictive societal code for affluent young English women. Nightingale was courted by politician and poet Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton, but she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her ability to follow her calling to nursing.

The time markers are in bold in the text and we have both, the  sequence time and order. This is a biography, a narrative text.

Main idea:

Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC; (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was a celebrated English nurse.

Unidad IV: Patrones de Organizacion de un Párrafo. Parte A

Parte A

Medicine

Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.

Contemporary medicine applies health science, biomedical research, and medical technology to diagnose and treat injury and disease, typically through medication, surgery, or some other form of therapy. The word medicine is derived from the Latin ars medicina, meaning the art of healing.

Though medical technology and clinical expertise are pivotal to contemporary medicine, successful face-to-face relief of actual suffering continues to require the application of ordinary human feeling and compassion, known in English as bedside manner.

Basic sciences

• Anatomy is the study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy, cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures.
• Neuroscience includes those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the nervous system. A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord.

Other major specialties

The followings are some major medical specialties that do not directly fit into any of the above mentioned groups.

• Dermatology is concerned with the skin and its diseases. In the UK, dermatology is a subspecialty of general medicine.
• Obstetrics and gynecology (often abbreviated as OB/GYN (American English) or Obs & Gynae (British English)) are concerned respectively with childbirth and the female reproductive and associated organs. Reproductive medicine and fertility medicine are generally practiced by gynecological specialists.

Definiciones y marcadores de discurso

Medicine is

Anatomy is the study

Neuroscience includes

Dermatology is concerned

Obstetrics and gynecology are concerned

Unidad III: Aproximacion del Texto

Exercise 3:

A U.S. Navy recruiting poster from World War II, showing a Naval nurse with a hospital ship

History of nursing

          In fifth century BC, Hippocrates was one of the first people in the world to study healthcare, earning him the title of "the father of modern medicine". Jesus Christ also taught that sick people should be cared for; in around 370 AD, one of the first Christian hospitals in the world was built in Cappadocia. Western European concepts of nursing were first practised by male Catholic monks who provided for the sick and ill during the Dark Ages of Europe.

          During 17th century Europe, nursing care was provided by men and women serving punishment. It was often associated with prostitutes and other female criminals serving time. They had a reputation for being drunk and obnoxious, a view amplified by the doctors of the time to make themselves seem more important and able. It was not until Florence Nightingale, a well-educated woman from a wealthy class family, became a nurse and improved it drastically that people began to accept nursing as a respectable profession. Other aspects also helped in the acceptance of nursing. In 1853 Theodore Fliedner set up a hospital where the nurses he employed had to be of good nature. Many people were impressed with this facility, and because of it, the British Institute of Nursing Sisters was set up.

          Prior to the foundation of modern nursing, nuns and the military often provided nursing-like services. The religious and military roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today in many countries, for example in the United Kingdom, senior female nurses are known as sisters. It was during time of war that a significant development in nursing history arose when English nurse Florence Nightingale, working to improve conditions of soldiers in the Crimean War, laid the foundation stone of professional nursing with the principles summarised in the book Notes on Nursing. Other important nurses in the development of the profession include: Mary Seacole, who also worked as a nurse in the Crimea; Agnes Elizabeth Jones and Linda Richards, who established quality nursing schools in the USA and Japan, and Linda Richards who was officially America's first professionally trained nurse, graduating in 1873 from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston.

          New Zealand was the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses Registration Act on the 12 September 1901. It was here in New Zealand that Ellen Dougherty became the first registered nurse. North Carolina was the first state in the United States to pass a nursing licensure law in 1903.

          Nurses have experienced difficulty with the hierarchy in medicine that has resulted in an impression that nurses' primary purpose is to follow the direction of physicians. This tendency is certainly not observed in Nightingale's Notes on Nursing, where the physicians are mentioned relatively infrequently, and often in critical tones—particularly relating to bedside manner.

          The modern era has seen the development of nursing degrees and nursing has numerous journals to broaden the knowledge base of the profession. Nurses are often in key management roles within health services and hold research posts at universities.

Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas.

1.- De acuerdo al título y la imagen, ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?

This is the nursing´s history, about the war, etc.

2.- ¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?

People should be cared Jesus taught that, then is one of the reasons the why nursing born.

3.- ¿Que palabras se repiten?

Nurse, nursing, woman, Europe, was/were, military, war, foundation, university, education, USA, health, profession, medicine, etc.

4.- ¿Que palabras se parecen al español?

Europe, military, foundation, university, education, profession, medicine, history, modern, study, prostitutes, criminals, doctors, important, family, hospital, etc.

5.- ¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?

Words like History of nursing, war, Florence Nightingale and of course both pictures.

6.- ¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.

         This is about how the nursing born, how Jesus was one of the father of the medicine teaching that we need care of people´s sick, in the first and second war there they needed a lot of people for care of militaries, time of war that a significant development in nursing history. The modern era has seen the development of nursing degrees and nursing has numerous journals to broaden the knowledge base of the profession. Nurses are often in key management roles within health services and hold research posts at universities.

Scanning

Diana, Princess of Wales

         She was a princess and a fashion icon. She was born on 1^st July, 1961, in Sandringham. Her parents were rich. She wasn´t a good student at school but she was a good pianist. Her wedding was in St Paul´s Cathedral in London. Her husband was Prince Charles. Their life together was not happy.

1. Who was Diana?

She was the Princess of Wales

2. When was she born?

She was born on 1^st July, 1961

3. Who was her husband?

Her husband was Prince Charles

4. Where was her wedding?

Her wedding was in St Paul´s Cathedral in London